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Adult ADHD and Comorbid Disorders Many adults with ADHD also have comorbid disorders like major depressive disorder (Kessler and colleagues, 2006). Many patients who are depressed aren't able to take medications and may be able to benefit from therapy. Neurotransmitters are brain chemicals that regulate and increase levels of certain brain chemicals. Stimulants such as methylphenidate and amphetamine are frequently prescribed. Medicines A variety of medications used to treat ADHD in children can be used on adults. However the dosages are different and the drugs can cause negative side effects that aren't present in children. A doctor will consider the medical history of the patient, family history, and other health issues to determine what medication is the best for them. The most well-known ADHD medication is a stimulant. It works by adjusting the levels of norepinephrine, and dopamine in the brain. The stimulants like methylphenidate (also called Adderall), and dextroamphetamine enhance the supply of neurotransmitters, which help improve concentration, decrease impulsivity, and reduce aggression. They come in various forms such as chewable tablets, liquids, and skin patches. These long-acting stimulants are preferred because they improve patient compliance, as well as a smoother, longer-lasting improvement in symptoms. It is crucial to keep in mind that comorbid conditions like anxiety or depression can affect the response to ADHD medication. Therefore, it is recommended that these disorders be treated first, and then medication used as a secondary measure. The medications that are used to treat comorbid psychiatric disorders include bupropion, atomoxetine and tricyclic antidepressants (Wilens 2004). Certain patients may experience an “rebound effect” where their ADHD symptoms get worse after stopping stimulant medication. In these instances, a short trial of a low dosage of stimulant medication may be beneficial. Some people cannot tolerate stimulant medicines or are not able to take them due to addiction or other health conditions for example, heart problems that are severe or hypertension. In these situations, non-stimulant medications such as atomoxetine (Strattera) and viloxazine (Qelbree) can be effective. These drugs do not have the same level of side effects as stimulants, and are a lower risk for abuse and diversion. Psychotherapy Psychotherapy (talk therapy) can be helpful for people with ADHD. It can help those with ADHD learn how to improve their lives, deal with stress and anxiety, manage conflicts, or manage problems in their relationships or at work. It can also aid in the treatment of those suffering from mental illness that are co-existing, such as depression and addiction disorders. Talk therapies include cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) as well as mind-body cognitive therapy, and schema therapy. These treatments are based on the idea that a person's beliefs and attitudes affect how they feel, think and act. CBT assists individuals in identifying negative behaviors and thought patterns and then formulate and implement positive strategies to change them. Meditation techniques are employed in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to help people concentrate on their emotions and thoughts as well as control their impulses and improve executive functioning. Schema therapy, as well as other forms of psychotherapy focused on a person's history with their family can be beneficial for those who suffer from ADHD who have significant secondary problems. Psychotherapy, in addition to medication, can aid with specific ADHD problems, such as difficulty keeping up with schoolwork or getting along with others. It can also assist in forgetting important dates and responsibilities and making impulsive decisions that can result in legal and financial problems. It can assist a person overcome the root issues like anxiety and depression that could contribute to their ADHD symptoms. Psychotherapy can assist a person develop healthy coping strategies and reduce stress, such as exercise, sleep improvement and healthy eating habits. It can also provide support to an individual in the family or with a spouse who is struggling with the negative effects ADHD has on their relationship. Therapy for families and marriage helps couples and families learn how to communicate better and manage ADHD symptoms together. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT is a kind of psychotherapy that is focused on helping clients change their negative patterns of thinking. It involves a dialog based on skill with an expert in mental health to identify the root causes of the symptoms. This therapy aims to assist clients overcome their impairments and develop coping skills that are in line with their everyday lives. Therapists who specialize in adult ADHD-CBT show clients how to identify unhelpful thought patterns and help them develop skills to replace them with more productive thoughts. This process can take a long time. However, it is a viable option for those who do not receive enough relief from medications. A recent RCT study found that when paired with medication, CBT is superior to cognitive behavioral therapy alone in reducing the severity of core symptoms, emotional symptoms as well as self-esteem and social functioning of adults with ADHD (Clarke et al. 2017). CBT coupled with methylphenidate could be particularly effective for people who suffer from more severe underlying problems. The therapists that provide this kind of treatment usually collaborate with the client to develop an action plan that is specific to solving their issues. They typically teach them a series of practical skills that are easy to implement and have a good chance of success. Typically, a chart system is used to monitor the progress of a child and reward positive behavior. This could include the daily report of children that lists the tasks they must complete in school or the positive behaviors to be exhibited, and a system of monitoring and rewarding rewards. The therapists can also discuss the possibility that negative consequences could be inflicted upon a child who fails to complete their tasks. This can be done in a sensitive and calming manner. Metacognitive Therapy Metacognitive therapy is an innovative kind of psychotherapy that helps people change their thinking. This type of treatment can be beneficial for people who suffer from a variety of mental health issues such as depression. It is a form of cognitive behavior therapy that helps people learn to recognize negative thoughts and their effects on their moods. This kind of therapy helps individuals develop psychological tools that are versatile and useful. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between metacognitive capabilities and daily functioning in adults suffering from ADHD. In order to do this, we compared self and informant-rated impairments in daily functioning with predictors of Metacognition (comprehensive Knowledge, Regulation of Cognition, Debugging Information Management and Evaluation). The results indicated that comprehensive knowledge was linked to daily functioning among adults with ADHD however, it was not associated with the processes that regulate. Metacognition predictors had moderate predictive power which suggests they could be the cause of significant variance in daily functioning of adults suffering from ADHD. Metacognitive Therapy (MCT) is an intervention that focuses on transforming metacognitive beliefs that cause dysfunction and perpetuate states such as worry, rumination and attention fixation. Adrian Wells developed MCT based on an idea of information processing created by Wells and Gerald Matthews. treatment for adults with add has demonstrated the effectiveness of MCT in tackling anxiety disorder, however it's still a relatively new concept and more research is required to determine its efficacy for other disorders. This study was created to determine the efficacy of MCT in reducing symptoms of illness anxiety disorder, but it can be applied to a variety of disorders and could be more effective than other treatments. It is important to keep it in mind that this isn't an effective treatment for ADHD, but it can be used as an alternative therapy. Family Therapy In family therapy, the therapist collaborates with all family members. Everyone is able to better understand the issues of the client and learn how to help their loved ones. It also assists them in dealing with their anger and develop better communication skills. This type of counseling can also be used to address the underlying conditions, like addiction and depression that are commonly associated as part of ADHD. The therapist will commence with an intake session to get an understanding of the family's perception of the issue and determine their potential for intervention by the family. This can be done in person or via the internet. The counselor will explain to each client the nature of treatment as well as the do's & don'ts for family therapy. A therapist with experience treating adults with ADHD will ask lots of questions in order to gain insight into the client's current symptoms, their past and their impact on their work, family life and relationships. They will also inquire whether there are other mental health issues that are present like anxiety or depression. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a kind of counseling that teaches you how to manage your behavior and transform negative thinking patterns to positive ones. It focuses on improving self-esteem and self control by educating you on how to handle stress and anger. It is a short-term treatment option that can be paired with other types of psychotherapy. Individual therapy helps those with ADHD to manage the emotional baggage that results from failure and underachievement. It can also assist them in dealing problems with relationships as well as job changes and academic challenges. It can teach you stress reduction and coping techniques and also how to better manage your financial and time management. It can also be used to tackle comorbid conditions, such as mood and anxiety disorders, which are often seen alongside ADHD.